Niagara Falls - Devil's Hole Massacre

excerpt from William's Scenic and Historic Niagara Falls,
Edward T. Williams, Niagara Falls 1925.

By the summer of 1761, the British had all but displaced the French as a military threat or political organization in North America. The British and the French were still at war with each other.

The portage routes along the Niagara Frontier were important to the military as essential supply lines and had to be protected. The job of ensuring the safe and free passage along this portage was assigned to John Stedman.

Stedman had been named "Master of the Portage" by British General - Sir William Johnson. With his assignment, Stedman was given the task of reorganizing the methods of transporting material along the portage of the Niagara River including the difficult climb at the Niagara Escarpment.

During the French rule, the local Seneca Indians were employed along the portage carrying supplies and cargo. They had the most difficult job of carrying these supplies up and down the escarpment; an area known to the Indians as "Crawl on all Fours".

During 1762, Stedman made many improvements to the portage which included the use of horses and carts. The Seneca porters objected to the arrival of the covered Conestoga wagons which soon resulted in those Seneca Indians becoming unemployed. Indian disenchantment soon followed.

The Niagara Portage was a vital transportation link for supplies and troops being sent to forts throughout the Upper Great Lakes in order to suppress the raids against British garrisons by the Indians as directed by Seneca Indian Chief, Pontiac.

Chief Pontiac had claimed to have had a recent meeting with the "Master of Life". The Master of Life deplored the Indians dependence upon the white man and urged all those who believed to enter into a crusade to drive the white man out. Some segments of the Indian Nation immediately began their crusade while other such as the Seneca in Niagara were much less convinced in light of their employment by the French and then the British.

During the summer of 1763, Pontiac's warriors attacked many British outposts in the Upper Great Lakes region. The importance of the Niagara portage as a troop and supply line became all the more essential for the success of the British in repelling the Indian uprisings.

Throughout the summer and fall months of 1763, the Seneca Indians often harassed the supply convoys along the Niagara portage.

On September 14th 1763, John Stedman was leading one such supply convoy which was traveling southward along the overhanging ledge along the Niagara Gorge that the Seneca Indians called Devil's Hole. This rock dome formed what was actually the roof of a cave below.

Devil's Hole was located approximately 4 miles down river from the Falls and is marked by a steep incline along the portage route.

As Stedman reached the center of the Devil's Hole crossing, he heard the yells of Seneca Indians from his left. At that same moment, a volley of flaming arrows attacked the wagon train. Five hundred Seneca Indians quickly overwhelmed the supply train, killing all in their way. Stedman sped away from the supply wagons and rode to safety and to get help from the troops at Fort Schlosser near the Falls. Stedman had barely escaped with his life. Stedman was one of three persons to survive. A young boy survived this brutal attack when he was thrown from an overturning supply wagon. The boy was able to hide amongst a clump of bushes to avoid being killed by the Indians. A third member of the wagon train was also able to narrowly escape the attack.

A rescue party from Fort Gray at nearby Lewis Town (located north of Devil's Hole) responded after hearing the Indian war cries. The Seneca Indians waited for the arrival of British reinforcements and sprung a similar ambush upon them as well. Not a single person survived the Indian attack.

By the time troops arrived from Fort Schlosser, they found only the dead. Victims had been scalped. Fearing a similar attack, the British quickly withdrew to Fort Schlosser.

After several days, the British troops returned to the site of the Devil's Hole Massacre. Here they counted 80 dead bodies. Many of the bodies had been thrown into the gorge by the Indians following the ambush.

Not long after the massacre, Sir William Johnson was informed that the massacre was arranged by "Farmer's Brother", a young Seneca Indian warrior and his followers who sympathized with Pontiac's ideology. Others speculated that it was a Seneca Indian uprising in general.

The Seneca Indians realized their mistake in ambushing the British at Devil's Hole. Instead of chasing the British from Niagara, the British entrenched and reinforced their presence.

In August of 1764, in order to make amends with the British, the Seneca Indians ceded to the British a four mile wide strip of land along the east side of the Niagara River from Lake Ontario to Lake Erie. In addition, the Seneca Indians also ceded all the islands upstream of the Falls to Sir William Johnson.

The Limestone Cave at Devil's Hole - the Cave of the Evil Spirit
courtesy of James Brown

The Inside View of the Limestone Cave at Devil's Hole
measuring approx. 42 feet in depth
courtesy of Scott A. Ensminger
http://geocities.com/falzguy.geo

The "Cave of the Evil Spirit" was named by the early Indians who foretold subsequent disaster to any one who dared enter the cave. LaSalle in 1679, in spite of this warning entered it and to this trip the Indians attributed his subsequent misfortunes and murder all within the following two years.

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